# yellowbrick.regressor.alphas
# Implements alpha selection visualizers for regularization
#
# Author: Benjamin Bengfort
# Author: Rebecca Bilbro
# Created: Mon Mar 06 19:22:07 2017 -0500
#
# Copyright (C) 2016 The scikit-yb developers
# For license information, see LICENSE.txt
#
# ID: alphas.py [7d3f5e6] benjamin@bengfort.com $
"""
Implements alpha selection visualizers for regularization
"""
##########################################################################
## Imports
##########################################################################
import numpy as np
from functools import partial
from yellowbrick.exceptions import YellowbrickTypeError
from yellowbrick.exceptions import YellowbrickValueError
from yellowbrick.regressor.base import RegressionScoreVisualizer
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
## Packages for export
__all__ = ["AlphaSelection", "ManualAlphaSelection"]
##########################################################################
## AlphaSelection Visualizer
##########################################################################
[docs]class AlphaSelection(RegressionScoreVisualizer):
"""
The Alpha Selection Visualizer demonstrates how different values of alpha
influence model selection during the regularization of linear models.
Generally speaking, alpha increases the affect of regularization, e.g. if
alpha is zero there is no regularization and the higher the alpha, the
more the regularization parameter influences the final model.
Regularization is designed to penalize model complexity, therefore the
higher the alpha, the less complex the model, decreasing the error due to
variance (overfit). Alphas that are too high on the other hand increase
the error due to bias (underfit). It is important, therefore to choose an
optimal Alpha such that the error is minimized in both directions.
To do this, typically you would you use one of the "RegressionCV" models
in Scikit-Learn. E.g. instead of using the ``Ridge`` (L2) regularizer, you
can use ``RidgeCV`` and pass a list of alphas, which will be selected
based on the cross-validation score of each alpha. This visualizer wraps
a "RegressionCV" model and visualizes the alpha/error curve. Use this
visualization to detect if the model is responding to regularization, e.g.
as you increase or decrease alpha, the model responds and error is
decreased. If the visualization shows a jagged or random plot, then
potentially the model is not sensitive to that type of regularization and
another is required (e.g. L1 or ``Lasso`` regularization).
Parameters
----------
estimator : a Scikit-Learn regressor
Should be an instance of a regressor, and specifically one whose name
ends with "CV" otherwise a will raise a YellowbrickTypeError exception
on instantiation. To use non-CV regressors see: ``ManualAlphaSelection``.
If the estimator is not fitted, it is fit when the visualizer is fitted,
unless otherwise specified by ``is_fitted``.
ax : matplotlib Axes, default: None
The axes to plot the figure on. If None is passed in the current axes
will be used (or generated if required).
is_fitted : bool or str, default='auto'
Specify if the wrapped estimator is already fitted. If False, the estimator
will be fit when the visualizer is fit, otherwise, the estimator will not be
modified. If 'auto' (default), a helper method will check if the estimator
is fitted before fitting it again.
kwargs : dict
Keyword arguments that are passed to the base class and may influence
the visualization as defined in other Visualizers.
Examples
--------
>>> from yellowbrick.regressor import AlphaSelection
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LassoCV
>>> model = AlphaSelection(LassoCV())
>>> model.fit(X, y)
>>> model.show()
Notes
-----
This class expects an estimator whose name ends with "CV". If you wish to
use some other estimator, please see the ``ManualAlphaSelection``
Visualizer for manually iterating through all alphas and selecting the
best one.
This Visualizer hooks into the Scikit-Learn API during ``fit()``. In
order to pass a fitted model to the Visualizer, call the ``draw()`` method
directly after instantiating the visualizer with the fitted model.
Note, each "RegressorCV" module has many different methods for storing
alphas and error. This visualizer attempts to get them all and is known
to work for RidgeCV, LassoCV, LassoLarsCV, and ElasticNetCV. If your
favorite regularization method doesn't work, please submit a bug report.
For RidgeCV, make sure ``store_cv_values=True``.
"""
def __init__(self, estimator, ax=None, is_fitted="auto", **kwargs):
# Check to make sure this is a "RegressorCV"
name = estimator.__class__.__name__
if not name.endswith("CV"):
raise YellowbrickTypeError(
(
"'{}' is not a CV regularization model;"
" try ManualAlphaSelection instead."
).format(name)
)
# Set the store_cv_values parameter on RidgeCV
if "store_cv_values" in estimator.get_params().keys():
estimator.set_params(store_cv_values=True)
# Call super to initialize the class
super(AlphaSelection, self).__init__(estimator, ax=ax, **kwargs)
[docs] def fit(self, X, y, **kwargs):
"""
A simple pass-through method; calls fit on the estimator and then
draws the alpha-error plot.
"""
# Fit the underlying model
super(AlphaSelection, self).fit(X, y, **kwargs)
# Draw the alpha to error curve
self.draw()
return self
[docs] def draw(self):
"""
Draws the alpha plot based on the values on the estimator.
"""
# Search for the correct parameters on the estimator.
alphas = self._find_alphas_param()
errors = self._find_errors_param()
alpha = self.estimator.alpha_ # Get decision from the estimator
name = self.name[:-2].lower() # Remove the CV from the label
# Plot the alpha against the error
self.ax.plot(alphas, errors, label=name)
# Draw a dashed vline at the alpha
label = "$\\alpha={:0.3f}$".format(alpha)
self.ax.axvline(alpha, color="k", linestyle="dashed", label=label)
return self.ax
[docs] def finalize(self):
"""
Prepare the figure for rendering by setting the title as well as the
X and Y axis labels and adding the legend.
"""
# Set the title
self.set_title("{} Alpha Error".format(self.name))
# Set the x and y labels
self.ax.set_xlabel("alpha")
self.ax.set_ylabel("error (or score)")
# Set the legend
self.ax.legend(loc="best", frameon=True)
def _find_alphas_param(self):
"""
Searches for the parameter on the estimator that contains the array of
alphas that was used to produce the error selection. If it cannot find
the parameter then a YellowbrickValueError is raised.
"""
# NOTE: The order of the search is very important!
for attr in ("cv_alphas_", "alphas_", "alphas"):
try:
return getattr(self.estimator, attr)
except AttributeError:
continue
raise YellowbrickValueError(
"could not find alphas param on {} estimator".format(
self.estimator.__class__.__name__
)
)
def _find_errors_param(self):
"""
Searches for the parameter on the estimator that contains the array of
errors that was used to determine the optimal alpha. If it cannot find
the parameter then a YellowbrickValueError is raised.
"""
# NOTE: The order of the search is very important!
if hasattr(self.estimator, "mse_path_"):
return self.estimator.mse_path_.mean(1)
if hasattr(self.estimator, "cv_values_"):
return self.estimator.cv_values_.mean(0)
raise YellowbrickValueError(
"could not find errors param on {} estimator".format(
self.estimator.__class__.__name__
)
)
##########################################################################
## ManualAlphaSelection Visualizer
##########################################################################
[docs]class ManualAlphaSelection(AlphaSelection):
"""
The ``AlphaSelection`` visualizer requires a "RegressorCV", that is a
specialized class that performs cross-validated alpha-selection on behalf
of the model. If the regressor you wish to use doesn't have an associated
"CV" estimator, or for some reason you would like to specify more control
over the alpha selection process, then you can use this manual alpha
selection visualizer, which is essentially a wrapper for
``cross_val_score``, fitting a model for each alpha specified.
Parameters
----------
estimator : an unfitted Scikit-Learn regressor
Should be an instance of an unfitted regressor, and specifically one
whose name doesn't end with "CV". The regressor must support a call to
``set_params(alpha=alpha)`` and be fit multiple times. If the
regressor name ends with "CV" a ``YellowbrickValueError`` is raised.
ax : matplotlib Axes, default: None
The axes to plot the figure on. If None is passed in the current axes
will be used (or generated if required).
alphas : ndarray or Series, default: np.logspace(-10, 2, 200)
An array of alphas to fit each model with
cv : int, cross-validation generator or an iterable, optional
Determines the cross-validation splitting strategy.
Possible inputs for cv are:
- None, to use the default 3-fold cross validation,
- integer, to specify the number of folds in a `(Stratified)KFold`,
- An object to be used as a cross-validation generator.
- An iterable yielding train, test splits.
This argument is passed to the
``sklearn.model_selection.cross_val_score`` method to produce the
cross validated score for each alpha.
scoring : string, callable or None, optional, default: None
A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
a scorer callable object / function with signature
``scorer(estimator, X, y)``.
This argument is passed to the
``sklearn.model_selection.cross_val_score`` method to produce the
cross validated score for each alpha.
kwargs : dict
Keyword arguments that are passed to the base class and may influence
the visualization as defined in other Visualizers.
Examples
--------
>>> from yellowbrick.regressor import ManualAlphaSelection
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
>>> model = ManualAlphaSelection(
... Ridge(), cv=12, scoring='neg_mean_squared_error'
... )
...
>>> model.fit(X, y)
>>> model.show()
Notes
-----
This class does not take advantage of estimator-specific searching and is
therefore less optimal and more time consuming than the regular
"RegressorCV" estimators.
"""
def __init__(
self, estimator, ax=None, alphas=None, cv=None, scoring=None, **kwargs
):
# Check to make sure this is not a "RegressorCV"
name = estimator.__class__.__name__
if name.endswith("CV"):
raise YellowbrickTypeError(
(
"'{}' is a CV regularization model;" " try AlphaSelection instead."
).format(name)
)
# Call super to initialize the class
super(AlphaSelection, self).__init__(estimator, ax=ax, **kwargs)
# Set manual alpha selection parameters
if alphas is not None:
self.alphas = alphas
else:
self.alphas = np.logspace(-10, -2, 200)
self.errors = None
self.score_method = partial(cross_val_score, cv=cv, scoring=scoring)
[docs] def fit(self, X, y, **args):
"""
The fit method is the primary entry point for the manual alpha
selection visualizer. It sets the alpha param for each alpha in the
alphas list on the wrapped estimator, then scores the model using the
passed in X and y data set. Those scores are then aggregated and
drawn using matplotlib.
"""
self.errors = []
for alpha in self.alphas:
self.estimator.set_params(alpha=alpha)
scores = self.score_method(self.estimator, X, y)
self.errors.append(scores.mean())
# Convert errors to an ND array and draw
self.errors = np.array(self.errors)
self.draw()
# Always make sure to return self from fit
return self
[docs] def draw(self):
"""
Draws the alphas values against their associated error in a similar
fashion to the AlphaSelection visualizer.
"""
# Plot the alpha against the error
self.ax.plot(self.alphas, self.errors, label=self.name.lower())
# Draw a dashed vline at the alpha with maximal error
alpha = self.alphas[np.where(self.errors == self.errors.max())][0]
label = "$\\alpha_{{max}}={:0.3f}$".format(alpha)
self.ax.axvline(alpha, color="k", linestyle="dashed", label=label)
# Draw a dashed vline at the alpha with minimal error
alpha = self.alphas[np.where(self.errors == self.errors.min())][0]
label = "$\\alpha_{{min}}={:0.3f}$".format(alpha)
self.ax.axvline(alpha, color="k", linestyle="dashed", label=label)
return self.ax
##########################################################################
## Quick Methods
##########################################################################
[docs]def alphas(estimator, X, y=None, ax=None, is_fitted="auto", show=True, **kwargs):
"""Quick Method:
The Alpha Selection Visualizer demonstrates how different values of alpha
influence model selection during the regularization of linear models.
Generally speaking, alpha increases the affect of regularization, e.g. if
alpha is zero there is no regularization and the higher the alpha, the
more the regularization parameter influences the final model.
Parameters
----------
estimator : a Scikit-Learn regressor
Should be an instance of a regressor, and specifically one whose name
ends with "CV" otherwise a will raise a YellowbrickTypeError exception
on instantiation. To use non-CV regressors see: ``ManualAlphaSelection``.
If the estimator is not fitted, it is fit when the visualizer is fitted,
unless otherwise specified by ``is_fitted``.
X : ndarray or DataFrame of shape n x m
A matrix of n instances with m features.
y : ndarray or Series of length n
An array or series of target values.
ax : matplotlib Axes, default: None
The axes to plot the figure on. If None is passed in the current axes
will be used (or generated if required).
is_fitted : bool or str, default='auto'
Specify if the wrapped estimator is already fitted. If False, the estimator
will be fit when the visualizer is fit, otherwise, the estimator will not be
modified. If 'auto' (default), a helper method will check if the estimator
is fitted before fitting it again.
show : bool, default: True
If True, calls ``show()``, which in turn calls ``plt.show()`` however
you cannot call ``plt.savefig`` from this signature, nor
``clear_figure``. If False, simply calls ``finalize()``
kwargs : dict
Keyword arguments that are passed to the base class and may influence
the visualization as defined in other Visualizers.
Returns
-------
visualizer : AlphaSelection
Returns the alpha selection visualizer
"""
# Instantiate the visualizer
visualizer = AlphaSelection(estimator, ax, is_fitted=is_fitted, **kwargs)
visualizer.fit(X, y)
visualizer.score(X, y)
if show:
visualizer.show()
else:
visualizer.finalize()
# Return the visualizer
return visualizer
[docs]def manual_alphas(
estimator,
X,
y=None,
ax=None,
alphas=None,
cv=None,
scoring=None,
show=True,
**kwargs
):
"""Quick Method:
The Manual Alpha Selection Visualizer demonstrates how different values of alpha
influence model selection during the regularization of linear models.
Generally speaking, alpha increases the affect of regularization, e.g. if
alpha is zero there is no regularization and the higher the alpha, the
more the regularization parameter influences the final model.
Parameters
----------
estimator : an unfitted Scikit-Learn regressor
Should be an instance of an unfitted regressor, and specifically one
whose name doesn't end with "CV". The regressor must support a call to
``set_params(alpha=alpha)`` and be fit multiple times. If the
regressor name ends with "CV" a ``YellowbrickValueError`` is raised.
ax : matplotlib Axes, default: None
The axes to plot the figure on. If None is passed in the current axes
will be used (or generated if required).
alphas : ndarray or Series, default: np.logspace(-10, 2, 200)
An array of alphas to fit each model with
cv : int, cross-validation generator or an iterable, optional
Determines the cross-validation splitting strategy.
Possible inputs for cv are:
- None, to use the default 3-fold cross validation,
- integer, to specify the number of folds in a `(Stratified)KFold`,
- An object to be used as a cross-validation generator.
- An iterable yielding train, test splits.
This argument is passed to the
``sklearn.model_selection.cross_val_score`` method to produce the
cross validated score for each alpha.
scoring : string, callable or None, optional, default: None
A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
a scorer callable object / function with signature
``scorer(estimator, X, y)``.
This argument is passed to the
``sklearn.model_selection.cross_val_score`` method to produce the
cross validated score for each alpha.
kwargs : dict
Keyword arguments that are passed to the base class and may influence
the visualization as defined in other Visualizers.
Returns
-------
visualizer : AlphaSelection
Returns the alpha selection visualizer
"""
# Instantiate the visualizer
visualizer = ManualAlphaSelection(
estimator, ax, alphas=alphas, scoring=scoring, cv=cv, **kwargs
)
visualizer.fit(X, y)
if show:
visualizer.show()
else:
visualizer.finalize()
# Return the visualizer
return visualizer